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action 音标拼音: ['ækʃən] n. 动作,作用,战斗控告,行为,诉讼 动作,作用,战斗控告,行为,诉讼 action行动; 作用; 措施; 指令; 动作
action作用率 action行动 作用 措施 指令 动作 action n 1: something done ( usually as opposed to something said); " there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions" 2: the state of being active; " his sphere of activity"; " he is out of action" [ synonym: { action}, { activity}, { activeness}] [ ant: { inaction}, { inactiveness}, { inactivity}] 3: a military engagement; " he saw action in Korea" [ synonym: { military action}, { action}] 4: a process existing in or produced by nature ( rather than by the intent of human beings); " the action of natural forces"; " volcanic activity" [ synonym: { natural process}, { natural action}, { action}, { activity}] 5: the series of events that form a plot; " his novels always have a lot of action" 6: the trait of being active and energetic and forceful; " a man of action" 7: the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism; " the piano had a very stiff action" [ synonym: { action}, { action mechanism}] 8: a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong [ synonym: { legal action}, { action}, { action at law}] 9: an act by a government body or supranational organization; " recent federal action undermined the segregationist position"; " the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues"; " the Union action of emancipating Southern slaves" 10: the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field; " the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds"; " gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible" v 1: institute legal proceedings against; file a suit against; " He was warned that the district attorney would process him"; " She actioned the company for discrimination" [ synonym: { action}, { sue}, { litigate}, { process}] 2: put in effect; " carry out a task"; " execute the decision of the people"; " He actioned the operation" [ synonym: { carry through}, { accomplish}, { execute}, { carry out}, { action}, { fulfill}, { fulfil}] Action \ Ac" tion\, n. [ OF. action, L. actio, fr. agere to do. See { Act}.] 1. A process or condition of acting or moving, as opposed to rest; the doing of something; exertion of power or force, as when one body acts on another; the effect of power exerted on one body by another; agency; activity; operation; as, the action of heat; a man of action. [ 1913 Webster] One wise in council, one in action brave. -- Pope. [ 1913 Webster] 2. An act; a thing done; a deed; an enterprise. ( pl.): Habitual deeds; hence, conduct; behavior; demeanor. [ 1913 Webster] The Lord is a Good of knowledge, and by him actions are weighed. -- 1 Sam. ii. 3. [ 1913 Webster] 3. The event or connected series of events, either real or imaginary, forming the subject of a play, poem, or other composition; the unfolding of the drama of events. [ 1913 Webster] 4. Movement; as, the horse has a spirited action. [ 1913 Webster] 5. ( Mech.) Effective motion; also, mechanism; as, the breech action of a gun. [ 1913 Webster] 6. ( Physiol.) Any one of the active processes going on in an organism; the performance of a function; as, the action of the heart, the muscles, or the gastric juice. [ 1913 Webster] 7. ( Orat.) Gesticulation; the external deportment of the speaker, or the suiting of his attitude, voice, gestures, and countenance, to the subject, or to the feelings. [ 1913 Webster] 8. ( Paint. & Sculp.) The attitude or position of the several parts of the body as expressive of the sentiment or passion depicted. [ 1913 Webster] 9. ( Law) ( a) A suit or process, by which a demand is made of a right in a court of justice; in a broad sense, a judicial proceeding for the enforcement or protection of a right, the redress or prevention of a wrong, or the punishment of a public offense. ( b) A right of action; as, the law gives an action for every claim. [ 1913 Webster] 10. ( Com.) A share in the capital stock of a joint- stock company, or in the public funds; hence, in the plural, equivalent to stocks. [ A Gallicism] [ Obs.] [ 1913 Webster] The Euripus of funds and actions. -- Burke. [ 1913 Webster] 11. An engagement between troops in war, whether on land or water; a battle; a fight; as, a general action, a partial action. [ 1913 Webster] 12. ( Music) The mechanical contrivance by means of which the impulse of the player' s finger is transmitted to the strings of a pianoforte or to the valve of an organ pipe. -- Grove. [ 1913 Webster] { Chose in action}. ( Law) See { Chose}. { Quantity of action} ( Physics), the product of the mass of a body by the space it runs through, and its velocity. [ 1913 Webster] Syn: { Action}, { Act}. Usage: In many cases action and act are synonymous; but some distinction is observable. Action involves the mode or process of acting, and is usually viewed as occupying some time in doing. Act has more reference to the effect, or the operation as complete. To poke the fire is an act, to reconcile friends who have quarreled is a praiseworthy action. -- C. J. Smith. [ 1913 Webster] 341 Moby Thesaurus words for " action": accomplished fact, accomplishment, achievement, act, acta, actions, activeness, activism, activity, acts, ad hoc measure, address, adventure, aerial combat, affectation, affray, agency, air, amphibious operations, anagnorisis, angle, answer, architectonics, architecture, argument, armored combat, artifice, atmosphere, automatic control, award, background, ball, battle, battle royal, bearing, behavior, behavior pattern, behavioral norm, behavioral science, big time, blow, brush, bullfight, business, carriage, cascade control, case, catastrophe, cause, cause in court, characterization, clash, clash of arms, clockworks, cockfight, color, combat, combined operations, complication, comportment, condemnation, conduct, conflict, consideration, continuity, contrivance, control action, countermove, coup, course of action, culture pattern, custom, dealings, decision, decree, deed, deliverance, demarche, demeanor, denouement, deportment, design, determination, development, device, diagnosis, dictum, direction, discharge, dodge, dogfight, doing, doings, doom, drive train, driving, dry run, effect, effectiveness, effectuation, effort, electronic control, embroilment, encounter, endeavor, energy, engagement, enterprise, episode, exchange of blows, execution, exercise, exertion, expedient, exploit, fable, fait accompli, falling action, feat, feedback control, fight, fighting, finding, fire fight, fluid operations, folkway, force, fray, fulfillment, fun, fun and games, function, functioning, funmaking, game, gear, gest, gestures, gimmick, go, goings- on, good time, great fun, ground combat, guise, hand, hand- to- hand combat, hand- to- hand fight, handiwork, handling, high old time, high time, house- to- house combat, improvisation, incident, influence, initiative, innards, job, judicial process, jury- rig, jury- rigged expedient, last expedient, last resort, last shift, laughs, lawsuit, legal action, legal case, legal proceedings, legal process, legal remedy, line, litigation, liveliness, local color, logistics, lovely time, machinery, maintien, makeshift, management, maneuver, maneuvers, manipulation, manner, manners, means, measure, mechanism, method, methodology, methods, mien, militancy, military operations, minor operations, mission, modus vivendi, mood, motif, motion, motions, move, movement, movements, moves, mythos, naval combat, observable behavior, occupation, operancy, operation, operations, order, overseas operations, overt act, passage, passage of arms, pattern, performance, performing, peripeteia, picnic, pis aller, pitched battle, plan, play, pleasant time, plot, poise, political activism, port, pose, posture, power, power train, practice, praxis, precedent, presence, procedure, proceeding, proceedings, process, production, prognosis, pronouncement, prosecution, quarrel, reaction, recognition, remedy, res gestae, resolution, resort, resource, responsibility, rising action, robot control, ruling, rumble, running, running fight, scheme, scramble, scrimmage, scuffle, secondary plot, sentence, servo control, servomechanism, shake- up, shift, shoving match, skirmish, slant, social science, solution, sortie, spirit, sport, staff work, stand- up fight, steering, step, stir, stopgap, story, stratagem, street fight, strength, stroke, stroke of policy, structure, struggle, stunt, style, subject, subplot, suit, suit at law, supervisory control, switch, tactic, tactics, tauromachy, temporary expedient, thematic development, theme, thing, thing done, tone, topic, tour de force, transaction, trick, trump, tug- of- war, turn, tussle, twist, undertaking, verdict, vigor, vim, vitality, war game, war plans, watchworks, way, way of life, ways, wheels, wheels within wheels, work, working, working hypothesis, working proposition, workings, worksACTION, PROHIBITORY, civil law. An action instituted to avoid a sale onaccount of some Vice or defect in the thing sold which readers it eitherabsolutely useless, or its use so inconvenient and, imperfect, that it mustbe, supposed the buyer would not have purchased it, had he known of thevice. Civ. Code of Louis. art. 2496.
ACTION, French com. law. Stock in a company, shares in a corporation.
ACTION, in practice. Actio nihil aliud est, quam jus persequendi in judicioquod sibi debetur. Just. Inst. Lib. 4, tit. 6; Vinnius, Com. Actions aredivided into criminal and civil. Bac. Abr. Actions, A. 2.- 1. A criminal action is a prosecution in a court of justice inthe name of the government, against one or more individuals accused of acrime. See 1 Chitly' s Cr. Law. 3.- 2. A civil action is a legal demand of one' s right, or it is theform given by law for the recovery of that which is due. Co. Litt. 285; 3Bl. Com. 116; 9 Bouv. Inst. n. 2639; Domat. Supp. des Lois Civiles, liv. 4, tit. 1, No. 1; Poth. Introd. generale aux Coutumes, 109; 1 Sell. Pr. Introd. s. 4, p. 73. Ersk. Princ. of Scot. Law, B. 41 t. 1. Sec. 1. Till judgmentthe writ is properly called an action, but not after, and therefore, arelease of all actions is regularly no bar of all execution. Co. Litt. 289a; Roll. Ab. 291. They are real, personal and mixed. An action is real orpersonal, according as realty or personalty is recovered; not according tothe nature of the defence. Willes' Rep. 134. 4.- 1. Real actions are those brought for the specific recovery oflands, tenements, or hereditaments. Steph. Pl. 3. They are eitherprocedural, when the demandant seeks to recover the property; or possessorywhen he endeavors to obtain the possession. Finch' s Law, 257, 8. See Bac. Abr. Actions, A, contra. Real Actions are, 1st. Writs of right; 2dly, Writsof entry, which lie in the per, the per et cui, or the post, upon disseisin, intrusion, or alienation. 3dly. Writs ancestral possessory, as Mort d' ancester, aid, vbesaiel[?], cosinage, or Nuper obiit. Com. Dig. Actions, D2. By these actions formerly all disputes concerning real estate, weredecided; but now they are pretty generally laid aside in practice, uponaccount of the great nicety required in their management, and theinconvenient length of their process; a much more expeditious, method oftrying titles being since introduced by other actions, personal and mixed. 3Bl. Com. 118. See Booth on Real Actions. 5.- 2. Personal actions are those brought for the specific recovery ofgoods and chattels; or for damages or other redress for breach of contract, or other injuries, of whatever description; the specific recovery of lands, tenements, and hereditaments only excepted. Steph. Pl. 3; Com. Dig. Actions, D 3; 3 Bouv. Inst. n. 2641. Personal actions arise either upon contracts, orfor wrongs independently of contracts. The former are account, assumpsit, covenant, debt, and detinue; see these words. In Connecticut and Vermontthere is, an action used which is peculiar to those states, called theaction of book debt. 2 Swift' s Syst. Ch. 15. The actions for wrongs, injuries, or torts, are trespass on the case, replevin, trespass, trover. See these words, and see Actio personalis moritur cum persona. 6.- 3. Mixed actions are such as appertain, in some degree, to boththe former classes, and, therefore, are properly reducible to neither ofthem, being brought for the specific recovery of lands, tenements, orhereditaments, and for damages for injury sustained in respect of suchproperty. Steph. Pl. 3; Co. Litt. 284, b; Com. Dig. Actions, D 4. Everymixed action, properly so called, is also a real action. The action ofejectment is a personal action, and formerly, a count for an assault andbattery might be joined with a count for the recovery of a term of Years inland. 7. Actions are also divided into those which are local and such as aretransitory. 1. A local action is one in which the venue must still be laid inthe county, in which the cause of action actually arose. The locality ofactions is founded in some cases, on common law principles, in others on thestatute law. 8. Of those which continue local, by the common law, are, 1st, allactions in which the subject or thing to be recovered is in its naturelocal. Of this class are real actions, actions of waste, when brought onthe statute of Gloucester, ( 6 Edw. I.) to recover with the damages, thelocus in quo or place wasted; and actions of ejectment. Bac. Abr. ActionsLocal, & c. A, a; Com. Dig. Actions, N 1; 7 Co. 2 b; 2 Bl. Rep. 1070. Allthese are local, because they are brought to recover the seisin orpossession of lands or tenements, which are local subjects. 9.- 2dly. Various actions which do not seek the direct recovery oflands or tenements, are also local, by the common law; because they ariseout of some local subject, or the violation of some local right or interest. For example, the action of quare impedit is local, inasmuch as the benefice, in the right of presentation to which the plaintiff complains of beingobstructed, is so. 7 Co. 3 a; 1 Chit. Pl. 271; Com. Dig. Actions, N 4. Within this class of cases are also many actions in which only pecuniarydamages are recoverable. Such are the common law action of waste, andtrespass quare clausum fregit; as likewise trespass on the case for injuriesaffecting things real, as for nuisances to houses or lands; disturbance ofrights of way or of common; obstruction or diversion of ancient watercourses, & c. 1 Chit. Pl. 271; Gould on Pl. ch. 3, Sec. 105, 106, 107. Theaction of replevin, also, though it lies for damages only, and does notarise out of the violation of any local right, is nevertheless local. 1Saund. 347, n. 1. The reason of its locality appears to be the necessity ofgiving a local description of the taking complained of. Gould on Pl. ch. 3, Sec. 111. A scire facias upon a record, ( which is an action, 2 Term Rep. 46,) although to some intents, a continuation of the original suit, 1 TermRep. 388, is also local. 10.- 2. Personal actions which seek nothing more than the recovery ofmoney or personal chattels of any kind, are in most cases transitory, whether they sound in tort or in contract; Com. Dig. Actions, N 12; 1 Chit. Pl. 273; because actions of this class are, in most instances, founded onthe violation of rights which, in contemplation of law, have no locality. 1Saund. 241, b, note 6. And it will be found true, as a general position, that actions ex delicto, in which a mere personalty is recoverable, are, bythe common law, transitory; except when founded upon, or arising out of somelocal subject. Gould on Pl. ch. 3, Sec. 112. The venue in a transitoryaction may be laid in any county which the plaintiff may prefer. Bac. Abr. Actions Local, & c. A. ( a.) 11. In the civil law actions are divided into real, personal, and mixed. A real action, according to the civil law, is that which he who is the ownerof a thing, or, has a right in it, has against him who is in possession ofit, to compel him to give up the plaintiff, or to permit him to enjoy theright he has in it. It is a right which a person has in a thing, follows thething, and may be instituted against him who possesses it; and this whetherthe thing be movable or immovable and, in the sense of the common law, whether the thing be real or personal. See Domat, Supp. des Lois Civiles, Liv. 4, tit. 1, n. 5; Pothier, Introd. Generales aux Coutumes 110; Ersk. Pr. Scot. Law, B. 4, t. 1, Sec. 2. 12. A personal action is that which a creditor has against his debtor, to compel him to fulfill his engagement. Pothier, lb. Personal actions aredivided into civil actions and criminal actions. The former are those whichare instituted to compel the payment or to do some other thing purely civilthe latter are those by which the plaintiff asks the reparation of a tort orinjury which he or those who belong to him have sustained. Sometimes thesetwo kinds of actions are united when they assume the name of mixed personalactions. Domat, Supp. des Lois Civiles, Liv. 4, tit. 1, n. 4; 1 Brown' s Civ. Law, 440. 13. Mixed actions participate both of personal and real actions. Suchare the actions of partition, and to compel the parties to put downlandmarks or boundaries. Domat, ubi supra.
ACTION. Conduct, behaviour, something done. Nomen actionis latissime paterevulgo notum est ac comprehenders omnem omnino viventis operationem quaepassioni opponitur. Vinnius, Com. lib. 4, tit. 6. De actionibus. 2. Human actions have been divided into necessary actions, or those overwhich man has no control; and into free actions, or such as he can controlat his pleasure. As man is responsible only when he exerts his will, it isclear lie can be punished only for the latter. 3. Actions are also divided into positives and negative the former iscalled an act of commission the latter is the omission of something whichought to be done, and is called an act of omission. A man may be responsibleas well for acts of omission, as for acts of commission. 4. Actions are voluntary and involuntary. The former are performedfreely and without constraint - the latter are performed not by choice, against one' s will or in a manner independent of the will. In general a manis not responsible for his involuntary actions. Yet it has been ruled thatif a lunatic hurt a man, he shall be answerable in trespass, although, if hekill a man, it is not felony. See Hob. Rep. 134; Popham, 162; Pam. N. P. 68. See also Duress; Will. |
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